Biblical

Year

Biblical

Event

Egypt

Assyria

Babylon

Persia

Rome

Anglo American

first

day

Day 1:

light;

day

and

night

(Ge1:

3-5)

second

day

Day 2:

ex-

panse

(Ge1:

6-8)

third

day

Day 3:

dry

land

and

vege-

tation

(Ge1:

9-13)

fourth

day

Day 4:

hea-

venly

lumi-

naries

(Ge1:

14-19)

fifth

day

Day 5:

fish

and

birds

(Ge1:

20-23)

sixth

day

Day 6:

land

ani-

mals

and

hu-

mans

(Ge1:

24-31)

seventh

day

Day 7:

God

rests

(Ge 2:

1-3)

4026

B.C.

Adam

creation

Ge 2:7

a.

4026

B.C.

Edenic

promise

made,

first

prophecy

Gen. 3:15

b.

3896

B.C.

Cain slays

Abel

Gen. 4:8

3896

B.C.

Birth of Seth

Gen. 5:3

3404 

B.C.  

Birth of

righteous

Enoch

Gen. 5:18

3339

B.C.

Birth of

Methuselah

Gen. 5:21

3152

B.C.

Birth of

Lamech

Gen. 5:25

3096

B.C.

Death of

Adam

Gen. 5:5

3039

B.C.

Transference

of Enoch;

ends his period

of prophesying

Gen. 5:23, 24;  

Jude 14

2970 

B.C.   

Birth of Noah

Gen. 5:28, 29

2490

B.C.

God’s

pronouncement

as to mankind

Gen. 6:3    

2470 

B.C.

Birth of Japheth

Gen. 5:32; 9:24;

Ge 10:21

2468 

B.C.

Birth of Shem

Gen. 7:11; 11:10

2370 

B.C.

Death of

Methuselah 

Gen. 5:27

Floodwaters

fall (in autumn)

Gen. 7:6, 11

2369 

B.C.

Making of the

covenant after

the Flood

Gen. 8:13; 9:16

2368 

B.C.

Birth of

Arpachshad 

Gen. 11:10

a.

2269 

B.C.

Building of the

Tower of Babel

Gen. 11:4

2020 

B.C.

Death of Noah

Gen. 9:28, 29

2018 

B.C.

Birth of Abraham

Gen. 11:26, 32;

12:4

1943 

B.C.

Abraham crosses

Euphrates on his

way to Canaan;

Abrahamic

covenant 

validated; begin-

ning of the 430-

year period to

Law covenant 

Gen. 12:4, 7; ;

Ex. 12:40;

Gal. 3:17   

b.

1933 

B.C.

 Lot rescued;

Abraham visits 

Melchizedek  

Gen. 14:16, 

18;

16:3

1932 

B.C.

Ishmael born

Gen. 16:15, 16

(it-1 31 ¶1)

1919 

B.C.

Covenant of

circumcision

made;

Judgment of

Sodom and 

Gomorrah

Gen. 17:1, 10, 

24;

Gen. 19:24

*In 1919 B.C.,

when Abraham

was 99 years

old, as a sign or

seal to testify to

the special

covenant

relationship

existing between

himself

and Abraham,

Jehovah

commanded that

all the males of

Abraham’s

household be

circumcised.

At the same time

Jehovah changed

his name from

Abram to

Abraham,

“because a father

of a crowd

of nations I will

make you.”

(Ge 17:5, 9-27;

Ro 4:11)

(it-1 31 ¶1)

* The king of the

city of Gerar,

where Abraham

and Sarah

took up temporary

residence

in about 1919 

B.C.E.

Thinking the

couple were

brother and

sister, he took

Sarah to become

his wife but,

providentially, did

not touch her.

Warned by

Jehovah in a

dream, the king

returned Sarah t

o Abraham

together with

compensation

consisting of

livestock and

slaves and, in

addition, a

thousand

shekels

of silver

(c. $2,200) as

a guarantee

of Sarah’s

chastity.

Sometime

later this king

concluded a

covenant of

peace and

mutual

confidence

with Abraham

at Beer-sheba.

Ge 20:1-18;

21:22-34

(it-1 p. 24

Abimelech)

1918 

B.C.

Birth of Isaac,

the true heir;

beginning of

the ‘about 450

years’ 

Gen. 21:2, 5; 

Acts 13:17-20

1913 

B.C.

Weaning of

Isaac; Ishmael 

sent away;

beginning of

the 400-year

affliction 

Gen. 21:8;

15:13; 

Acts 7:6

*Counting back

400 years

from the Exodus,

which marked

the end of the

‘afflicting’

(Ge 15:14),

would bring us

to 1913

B.C.E., and at

that time

Isaac was about

five years old.

It appears that

Isaac was weaned

then and, already

“an alien resident”

in a land not his,

he now

experienced the

start of

the foretold

affliction in

the form of

Ishmael’s

“poking fun,”

Ishmael

being about 19.

(Ge 21:8, 9)

Although in

modern times

Ishmael’s

mocking

of Abraham’s

heir might be

viewed as

inconsequential,

such was not the

case in patriarchal

times. This is

evidenced by

Sarah’s

reaction and God’s

approval of her

insistence

that Hagar and her

son Ishmael be

sent away.

(Ge 21:10-13)

The very fact that

this incident was

recorded in detail

in the divine

record also points

to its marking

the commencement

of the prophesied

400-year period

of affliction that

would not

end until the

Exodus.

Ga 4:29.(it-1 460-

461)

1881 

B.C.

Death of Sarah

Gen. 17:17; 23:1

1878 

B.C.

Marriage of

Isaac and

Rebekah

Gen. 25:20

1868 

B.C.

Death of Shem

Gen. 11:11

1858 

B.C.

Birth of Esau

and Jacob

Gen. 25:26

1843 

B.C.

Death of

Abraham

Gen. 25:7 

*Possibly another

king of Gerar at

the time Isaac

went there

because of a

famine. This was

after the

death of Abraham

in 1843 B.C.

Isaac, like his

father Abraham, attempted to

pass Rebekah off

as his sister, but

when the king,

by accident,

discovered

she was Isaac’s

wife, he issued a

public decree

granting them

protection.

Isaac’s God-given prosperity,

however, became

the object of envy,

and so the king

requested Isaac

to move out.

Sometime later

this king of

Gerar concluded

a covenant

of peace with

Isaac similar to

the one his

predecessor had

made with

Abraham.

Ge 26:1-31.

(it-1 p. 24

Abimelech)

1818 

B.C.

Esau marries

first two wives

Gen. 26:34

1795 

B.C.

Death of

Ishmael

Gen. 25:17

1781 

B.C.

Jacob flees to

Haran; his 

vision at

Bethel 

Gen. 28:2, 13,

19     

1774 

B.C.

Jacob marries

Leah and

Rachel

Gen. 29:23-30

1767 

B.C.

Birth of Joseph

Gen. 30:23, 24

1761 

B.C.

Jacob returns to

Canaan from 

Haran 

Gen. 31:18, 41;

the patriarchs

Jacob and

Laban concluded

a covenant.

Ge 31:43-48

c.1761 

B.C.

Jacob wrestles

angel; is named

Israel

Gen. 32:24-28

1750 

B.C.

Joseph sold as a

slave by his 

brothers

Gen. 37:2, 28  

1738 

B.C.

Death of Isaac

Gen. 35:28, 29

1737 

B.C. 

Joseph made

prime minister 

of Egypt 

Gen. 41:40, 46   

1728 

B.C.

Jacob with his

whole family 

enters Egypt 

Gen. 45:6;

46:26; 

Ge 47:9

1711 

B.C. 

Death of Jacob

Gen. 47:28 

1657 

B.C.

Death of Joseph

Gen. 50:26

b.1613 

B.C.

Job’s trial

Job 1:8;

42:16

a.

1600 

B.C.

Egypt attains

prominence

as first

world power 

Ex. 1:8

1593 

B.C.

Birth of Moses

Ex. 2:2, 10 

1553 

B.C.

Moses offers

himself as a

deliverer;

flees to

Midian 

Ex. 2:11, 14, 

15; 

Acts 7:23

c.

1514 

B.C.

Moses at the

burning thorn

bush 

Ex. 3:2    

1513 

B.C.

Passover;

Israelites

leave Egypt;

Red Sea

deliverance;

Egypt’s

power

shaken; end

of 400-year

period

of affliction;

Law covenant

made at Mt. 

Sinai

(Horeb); End

of the 430-

year period 

from

validating

of Abrahamic 

covenant;

Moses

compiles

Genesis

in wilderness;

Bible writing

begins 

Ex. 12:12; 

Ex 14:27, 29, 

30;   

Gen. 15:13, 14 

Ex. 24:6-8  

Gal. 3:17; 

Ex. 12:40

John 5:46

1512 

B.C.

Tabernacle

construction 

completed; 

Installation

of the Aaronic 

priesthood; 

Moses

completes

Exodus and 

Leviticus 

Ex. 40:17 

Lev. 8:34-36 

Lev. 27:34

Num. 1:1

c.1473 

B.C.

Moses completes

the book of Job

Job 42:16, 17

1473 

B.C.

Moses completes

Numbers on

Plains of Moab;

Covenant with

Israel at Moab;

Moses writes

Deuteronomy;

Moses dies on

Mt. Nebo in

Moab;

Israel enters

Canaan under 

Joshua 

Num. 35:1;

36:13 

Deut. 29:1 

Deut. 1:1, 3 

Deut. 34:1, 5, 7 

Josh. 4:19

1467 

B.C.

Major conquest

of the land

completed;

end of the ‘about 

450 years’ of 

Josh. 11:23;

14:7,

Jos 14:10-15  A

cts 13:17-20

c.1450 

B.C.

Book of Joshua

completed;

Death of Joshua 

Josh. 1:1;

24:26 

Josh. 1:1; 24:26               

1117 

B.C. 

Samuel anoints

Saul as king of

Israel

1 Sam. 10:24;

Acts 13:21

1107 

B.C. 

Birth of David

at Bethlehem

c.1100 

B.C. 

Samuel completes

the book of

Judges

Judg. 21:25 

c.1090 

B.C. 

Samuel completes

the book of Ruth      

Ruth 4:18-22 

c.1078 

B.C.

Book of 1 Samuel

completed

1 Sam. 31:6 

1077 

B.C.

David becomes

king of Judah 

at Hebron

2 Sam. 2:4 

1070 

B.C.

David becomes

king over all

Israel;

makes Jerusalem

his capital 

2 Sam. 5:3-7  

a.1070 

B.C. 

The Ark brought

into Jerusalem;

covenant for a

kingdom made

with David 

2 Sam. 6:15;

7:12-16 

c.1040 

B.C.

Gad and Nathan

complete

2 Samuel 

2 Sam. 24:18    

1037 

B.C.

Solomon succeeds

David as king

of Israel

1 Ki. 1:39; 2:12 

1034 

B.C.

Construction of

temple by 

Solomon begun

1 Ki. 6:1 

1027 

B.C.

Temple in

Jerusalem

completed

1 Ki. 6:38 

c.1020 

B.C.

Solomon

completes

The Song of

Solomon

Song of Sol.

1:1  

b.1000 

B.C.

Solomon

completes

the book of

Ecclesiastes

Eccl. 1:1 

997 

B.C. 

Rehoboam

succeeds

Solomon;

kingdom split;

Jeroboam 

begins reign as

king of Israel

1 Ki. 11:43;

1Ki 12:19, 20 

993 

B.C.

Shishak invades

Judah and takes

treasures from

temple 

1 Ki. 14:25, 26 

980 

B.C. 

Abijam (Abijah)

succeeds

Rehoboam as

king of Judah 

1 Ki. 15:1, 2

977 

B.C. 

Asa succeeds

Abijam as king

of Judah

1 Ki. 15:9, 10 

c.976 

B.C.

Nadab succeeds

Jeroboam as king

of Israel

1 Ki. 14:20  

c.975 

B.C.

Baasha succeeds

Nadab as king

of Israel 

1 Ki. 15:33

c.952 

B.C.

Elah succeeds

Baasha as king

of Israel

1 Ki. 16:8

c951 

B.C.E.

Zimri succeeds

Elah as king

of Israel;

Omri and Tibni

succeed Zimri as

kings of Israel 

1 Ki. 16:15 

1 Ki. 16:21

c.947 

B.C.

Omri rules as

king of Israel

alone 

1 Ki. 16:22, 23

c.940 

B.C.

Ahab succeeds

Omri as king

of Israel

1 Ki. 16:29

936 

B.C.

Jehoshaphat

succeeds Asa

as king of

Judah 

1 Ki. 22:41, 42

c.919 

B.C.

Ahaziah succeeds

Ahab as sole king

of Israel 

1 Ki. 22:51, 52       

c.917 

B.C.

Jehoram of Israel succeeds Ahaziah

as sole king

2 Ki. 3:1

913 

B.C.

Jehoram of Judah ‘becomes king,’

with Jehoshaphat 

2 Ki. 8:16, 17

c.906 

B.C.

Ahaziah succeeds

Jehoram as king

of Judah

2 Ki. 8:25, 26

c.905 

B.C. 

Queen Athaliah

usurps throne

of Judah; Jehu

succeeds

Jehoram as king

of Israel 

2 Ki. 11:1-3 

2 Ki. 9:24, 27; 

2Ki 10:36

898 

B.C.

Jehoash succeeds

Ahaziah as king

of Judah 

2 Ki. 12:1

876 

B.C.

Jehoahaz succeeds

Jehu as king of

Israel

2 Ki. 13:1  

c.859 

B.C. 

Jehoash succeeds

Jehoahaz as sole

king of Israel

2 Ki. 13:10 

858 

B.C. 

Amaziah succeeds

Jehoash as king

of Judah 

2 Ki. 14:1, 2 

c.844 

B.C.

Jeroboam II

succeeds Jehoash 

as king of Israel;

Jonah completes

the book of Jonah 

2 Ki. 14:23;

Jonah 1:1, 2

829 

B.C.

Uzziah (Azariah) succeeds Amaziah

as king of Judah  

2 Ki. 15:1, 2

c.820 

B.C.

Book of Joel

perhaps written 

Joel 1:1

c.804 

B.C.

Amos completes

the book of Amos

Amos 1:1

c.792 

B.C.

Zechariah rules

as king of Israel

(6 months)

2 Ki. 15:8

8th 

B.C. 

The city states

called "Police"

were established

in each place in

Greece.

The activities of colonization by

Greek increased.

In the first stage,

they colonized

Ionia, South

Italy, Sicily, etc..

In the second stage, northern parts of

Greece and

southern areas

near the Black Sea.

Those days the

Aegean sea became

the sea of Greece

and the epic poems, "Iliad" and

"Odyssey" were composed by

Homer.

*The name I·aʹo·nes

is used by the poet

Homer (of perhaps

the eighth century

B.C.) as referring

to the early Greeks,

and beginning with Sargon II (eighth

century B.C.), the

name Jawanu begins

to appear in Assyrian inscriptions. -

it-1 pp. 1257-1258  

Javan

c.791 

B.C.

Shallum succeeds

Zechariah as king

of Israel; Menahem

succeeds Shallum

as king of Israel 

2 Ki. 15:13, 17

c.780 

B.C. 

Pekahiah succeeds

Menahem as king

of Israel 

2 Ki. 15:23

c.778 

B.C.  

Pekah succeeds

Pekahiah as king

of Israel 

2 Ki. 15:27 

c.778 

B.C.

Isaiah begins to

prophesy 

Isa. 1:1; 6:1

777 

B.C.

The first Olympic

Games was held in

"the Holy Forest"

of Olympia.

c.761 

B.C.

Ahaz succeeds

Jotham as king

of Judah

2 Ki. 16:1, 2

c.758 

B.C.

Hoshea ‘begins

to reign’ as king

of Israel

2 Ki. 15:30

745 

B.C.

Hezekiah

succeeds Ahaz

as king of Judah

2 Ki. 18:1, 2

*The name

I·aʹo·nes is used

by the poet Homer

(of perhaps the

eighth century

B.C.) as referring

to the early

Greeks, and

beginning with

Sargon II (eighth

century B.C.),

the name Jawanu

begins to appear

in Assyrian

inscriptions. -

it-2 pp. 864-866  

Sargon

a.745 

B.C.

Hosea completes

the book of Hosea     

Hos. 1:1

740 

B.C.

Assyria subjugates

Israel, takes

Samaria

2 Ki. 17:6, 13, 18 

*Since Sargon is

supposed to have

begun his rule at

or shortly after

the fall of Samaria

in Hezekiah’s sixth

year (2Ki 18:10)    

732 

B.C.

Sennacherib

invades Judah

2 Ki. 18:13

*since Sargon's

son and successor

to the throne,

Sennacherib,

invaded Judah in

Hezekiah’s 14th

year (2Ki 18:13),

a 17-year rule for

Sargon could be

possible only if

Sennacherib were

a coregent at the

time of his

attacking Judah-

it-2 pp. 864-866  

Sargon

a.732 

B.C.

Isaiah completes

the book of Isaiah

Isa. 1:1

b.717 

B.C.

Micah completes

the book of Micah

Mic. 1:1

Those days the "Constitution"

was instituted by Lycurgus of

Sparta and the

class system and

the form of

government were gradually put in

order.

c.717 

B.C.

716 

B.C.

661 

B.C.

659 

B.C.

b. 648 

B.C.

647 

B.C.

b. 632 

B.C.

During the

archonship of one

of the Alcmaeonid members, Megacles (632? bc), a certain

Cylon failed in an

attempt to make

himself tyrant, and

his followers were

slain at an altar

sanctuary. Accused

of sacrilege and

murder, the

Alcmaeonids

incurred the

bloodguilt that was

to be used against

them in political

struggles for more

than two centuries.

The family was

banished for the

murder but returned during the ascendancy

of Solon (early 6th century) to lead a

party in Athens,

which accepted

Solon’s reforms. 

632 

B.C.

Nineveh falls

to Chaldeans

and Medes;

Babylon now

in line to

become third

world power 

Nah. 3:7

628 

B.C.

Jehoahaz,

successor of

Josiah, rules

as king of Judah;

Jehoiakim

succeeds

Jehoahaz as

king of Judah 

2 Ki. 23:31;

2 Ki. 23:36

c. 628 

B.C.

Habakkuk

completes

the book of

Habakkuk

Hab. 1:1

625 

B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar (II) becomes

king of Babylon;

first regnal year

counts from

Nisan of 624 B.C.

Jer. 25:1

620 

B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar

makes Jehoiakim

tributary king

2 Ki. 24:1

618B.C.

618B.C.

Jehoiachin

becomes

king after

Jehoiakim

in Judah

2 Ki. 24:6, 8

617 

B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar

takes first Jewish

captives to

Babylon; Zedekiah

is made

king of Judah 

Dan. 1:1-4;

2 Ki. 24:12-18

613 

B.C.

Ezekiel begins

prophesying

Ezek. 1:1-3

609 

B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar

comes against

Judah a third

time; begins 

siege of Jerusalem

2 Ki. 25:1, 2   

607 

B.C.

Fifth month (Ab),

temple razed and

Jerusalem destroyed;

Seventh month,

Jews abandon

Judah; “appointed

times of the nations”

begin to count;

Jeremiah writes Lamentations

2 Ki. 25:8-10;

Jer. 52:12-14;

2 Ki. 25:25, 26;

Luke 21:24 

Lam. introduction,

LXX

c. 607 

B.C.

Obadiah writes

the book of 

Obadiah

Obad. 1

In the second

year of 

Nebuchadnezzar's

reign

アテネでソロン

による改革が

始まる(貴族政

から民主政へ)。

債務による奴隷

化の禁止、

平価切下げに

よる経済の活性

化、資力による

市民の権利と

義務制度が

確立する。

c. 591 

B.C.

Ezekiel completes

the book of 

Ezekiel   

Ezek. 40:1; 29:17

ソロン、親族の

一人であるペイ

シストラトスと

共にサラミスの

領有に乗り出す。

580 

B.C. 

Books of 1 and

2 Kings and

Jeremiah

completed

Jer. 52:31;

2 Ki. 25:27 

ソロン、自主亡命

の後、アテネに

帰還する。この頃、

アテネ市民の間で

抗争が激化する。 

サラミス、アテネ

領に。ペイシスト

ラトスが「サラミ

スの英雄」として

市民の支持を集め

るも、一方で反

ペイシストラトス

勢力も強まる。

ペイシストラトス、

北ギリシャに撤退。

トラキアで鉱山の

開拓に着手し、

鉱山業者として富

を蓄える。近接

するマケドニアの

王やナクソス領有

を狙うリグダミス

らと接点をもつ。 

After Peisistratus

became tyrant in

561–560, the Alcmaeonids,

allied with the

more conservative aristocrats, twice

drove him from

the city before

he managed to

have the family

exiled.

キャンビセス

１世を継いで

キュロスが

アンシャン

で王位につく。

which was then

under the

suzerainty of the

Median king

Astyages.

Diodorus

キュロスは

ペルシャの

宗主国であった

メディア王国

の支配から脱す

る。

キュロスは広く

小アジアを支配

していたクロイ

ソス治下のリュ

ディア王国およ

び小アジア沿岸

のギリシャ系諸

都市を征服する。

ペイシストラト

スによるクーデ

ターが起こる。

軍を率いてマラ

トンの平原近く

に上陸。アテネ

軍も応戦するも、

撤退。ペイシス

トラトス、アテ

ネに無血入城。

ペイシストラト

スによる統治と

改革が始まる。

古典ギリシャの

はじまり。

農地改革、商工

業・海外交易の

奨励、独立通貨

ドラクマの鋳造

など。ほか、ペ

イシストラトス

の治世下で、優

れた絵が施され

た壺製造が盛ん

になり、ホメロ

スの『イリアス』

や『オデュッセ

イア』が定本化

される。

ペイシストラト

スによる安定し

た統治下で強力

化するアテネに

対し、スパルタ

が警戒心を強め、

「ペロポネソス

同盟」が結成さ

れる。

539 

B.C.

Babylon falls to

the Medes and

Persians;

Medo-Persia

becomes the fourth

world power

Dan. 5:30, 31

*Cyrus’ overthrow

of the Babylonian

dynasty(The pivotal

date for counting

back to Adam’s

creation)

537 

B.C.

Decree of Cyrus

the Persian

permitting Jews

to return to

Jerusalem takes

effect;

Jerusalem’s

70-year

desolation ends

2 Chron. 36:22, 

23;

Jer. 25:12; 29:

10

*Cyrus issued his

decree of

liberation for the

Jews during his

first year, before

the spring of 537 

B.C.( Ezra 3:1

reports that the

sons of Israel

were back in

Jerusalem by

the seventh

month, Tishri,

corresponding to

parts of

September and

October.

So the autumn

of 537 B.C. is

reckoned as the

date of the

restoration of

Jehovah’s

worship in

Jerusalem.) 

c. 536 

B.C.

Daniel

completes

the book of

Daniel

Dan. 10:1

536 

B.C.

Foundation of

temple laid by

Zerubbabel

Ezra 3:8-10

Cyrus(559-530 B.C.E.) is believed

to have fallen in

battle in 530 B.C.E., though the details

are somewhat

obscure. Prior to his death, his son Cambyses II

evidently became coregent with him, succeeding to the

Persian throne as s

ole ruler when his

father died.

キュロスの息子

カンビュセスが

王位を継承し、

その後エジプト

を征服する。

カンビュセス王

のエジプト遠征

中、マゴス僧(ゾ

ロアスター教の

祭司)よるクーデ

ターが起こる。

それは、アケメ

ネス朝傍系の

ヒュスタスペス

の子、カンビュ

セス2世の弟バル

ディヤと偽って

王位を簒奪した

マゴス僧ガウマ

ータ Gaum´ta の

野心的な策略だ

った。カンビュ

セスは失意の中

事故死する。

そのクーデター

はダレイオスを

含む7人のペル

シャ人貴族に

よって鎮圧され

る。ダレイオス

は，その他の6人

のペルシア貴族

とともにマゴス

僧ガウマータ

Gaum´ta を襲っ

て殺し，即位を

宣言した。  

ペイシストラトス

が死去(73歳)。

アテナイの僭主ペ

イシストラトスの

長子、ヒッピアス

は父の死後その後

を継ぎ(前527)，弟

ヒッパルコスとと

もにアテナイの国

政を指導，穏健な

政治家としての手

腕を示した。

この頃、亡命して

いた名門アルクメ

オニデスの領袖

クレイステネスが

アテネに帰還。

The Alcmaeonids

were recalled later,

and one of their members,

Cleisthenes, was

made archon for 525/524.

クレイステネス、

内閣(アルコン)に

選出される(40歳)。

522 

B.C.

Ban put on

temple-

building

work

Ezra 4:23, 24

520 

B.C.

Haggai

completes

the book of

Haggai

Hag. 1:1

テーベ、近隣の

プラタイアに

518 

B.C.

Zechariah

completes

the book of

Zechariah

Zech. 1:1

515 

B.C.

Zerubbabel

completes

second

temple

Ezra 6:14, 15

Upon the murder

of Peisistratus’

son Hipparchus

in 514, they were

exiled once more

by the tyrant

Hippias.

ヒッピアスの施

政はヒッパルコ

スが殺害される

としだいに強圧

的となり，反対

派の運動を誘発

した。この派の

中心アルクメオ

ン家と結ぶスパ

ルタ軍の侵入を

一度は撃退する。

In 513 Cleisthenes

led the Alcmaeonids

in an unsuccessful invasion of Attica

from their base in Boeotia.

The family was

rewarded for

rebuilding the fire-damaged temple of Apollo at Delphi

when the Spartans, largely at the

insistence of the

Delphic oracle, f

inally drove out the Peisistratids in 510.

反対派の中心アル

クメオン家と結ぶ

スパルタ軍の再度

の攻撃を支えきれ

ずに国外に追われ，

ペルシアの宮廷に

身を寄せた。

クレイステネスは

アテナイの貴族メ

ガクレスと、シキ

ュオンの僭主クレ

イステネスの娘ア

ガリステとの間の

息子である（古代

ギリシアでは祖父

の名を孫に付ける

ことがしばしばな

されていた）。

アルクメオン家は

紀元前510年に僭主ヒッピアスをスパ

ルタと組んで追放

すると、その後の

政治的混乱を収拾

してアテナイの実

権を握り、民主主

義的な改革を推進

した。

クレイステネスは

新たなる行政・軍

事上の区分単位と

して、旧来の血縁

による4部族制を

廃止し、地縁に

基づく10部族制の

デーモス（区）

制定及び10部族制

デーモスを基礎と

した五百人評議会

の設置を行い、

将軍職（ストラテ

ゴス）を定めるな

どアテナイ民主政

の基礎を確立した。

また、僭主の出現

を阻むためにオス

トラシズム（陶片

追放）の制度も創

設した。しかし、

そのオストラシズ

ムは政敵追放の

道具となり、

ペルシア戦争で

活躍したテミス

トクレスもオスト

ラシズムによって

追放された。この

システムによって

リーダーの資質を

持つ人が追放され、

アテナイは衆愚政

治に陥ることとな

った。（ウィキペ

ディアフリー百科

事典より) 

Two years later 510 B.C.E. Cleisthenes introduced a program of constitutional reforms that greatly furthered the development of Athenian democracy.

The policy followed by this opportunistic family during the next generation is obscure. They were suspected of collusion with the Persians at the Battle of Marathon (490), but the direct-line descendants were considerably less prominent after the Persian Wars. Both Alcibiades and Pericles, however, were descended from the family through their mothers. Spartan demands at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War for the expulsion of the Alcmaeonids were provocations directed at Pericles.

The Ionian Revolt, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus and Caria, were military rebellions by several Greek regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 BC to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras. The cities of Ionia had been conquered by Persia around 540 BC, and thereafter were ruled by native tyrants, nominated by the Persian satrap in Sardis. In 499 BC, the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position. The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great.

In 498 BC, supported by troops from Athens and Eretria, the Ionians marched on, captured, and burnt Sardis. However, on their return journey to Ionia, they were followed by Persian troops, and decisively beaten at the Battle of Ephesus. This campaign was the only offensive action by the Ionians, who subsequently went on the defensive. The Persians responded in 497 BC with a three pronged attack aimed at recapturing the outlying areas of the rebellion, but the spread of the revolt to Caria meant that the largest army, under Daurises, relocated there. While initially campaigning successfully in Caria, this army was annihilated in an ambush at the Battle of Pedasus. This resulted in a stalemate for the rest of 496 BC and 495 BC.

By 494 BC the Persian army and navy had regrouped, and they made straight for the epicenter of the rebellion at Miletus. The Ionian fleet sought to defend Miletus by sea, but was decisively beaten at the Battle of Lade, after the defection of the Samians. Miletus was then besieged, captured, and its population was brought under Persian rule. This double defeat effectively ended the revolt, and the Carians surrendered to the Persians as a result. The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia which was generally considered to be both just and fair.

The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Although Asia Minor had been brought back into the Persian fold, Darius vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their support of the revolt. Moreover, seeing that the myriad city states of Greece posed a continued threat to the stability of his Empire, according to Herodotus, Darius decided to conquer the whole of Greece. In 492 BC, the first Persian invasion of Greece, the next phase of the Greco-Persian Wars, began as a direct consequence of the Ionian Revolt.

ギリシャ連合軍は

ペルシャの西の

首都サルディスを

焼き払った。

ペルシャ王ダレイ

オス一世はラデ島

でギリシャ艦隊を

敗北させ、494 B.C.

にミレトスを陥落

させた。こうして

イオニアの反乱は

終息した。そして、反乱首謀者に対す

る復讐の機会をう

かがった。

ミルティアデスは、イオニアの反乱に

おいてフェニキア

軍の接近を察知し、紀元前493年には

ケルソネソスを

離れてアテナイに戻った。

ダレイオス大王は、マルドニオスを派遣してトラキアとマケドニアを征服したが、撤退した。

ヒッピアスは小アジアからペルシャ王ダリ ウス一世のもとにのがれ、前490年にペルシャ軍を案内してマラトンに上陸したが、その後まもなく死亡したらしい。ペルシア軍がマラトン沖に姿を現したとき，ヒッピアスはその案内役として軍中にあった。

マラトンの戦いの敗北。アテネ側の将軍は、ミルティアデスで、ペルシャ側の将軍は、ダティスとアルタぺルネスだった。

The Alcmaeonids were suspected of collusion with the Persians at the Battle of Marathon (490), but the direct-line descendants were considerably less prominent after the Persian Wars.

c. 475 

B.C. 

Mordecai

completes

the book of

Esther

Esther 3:7;

9:32 

468 

B.C. 

Ezra and priests

return to 

Jerusalem

Ezra 7:7 

c. 460 

B.C. 

Ezra completes

the books of 1

and 2 Chronicles

and Ezra; final

compilation of

Psalms Ezra 1:1;

2 Chron. 36:22

455 

B.C.

Jerusalem’s

walls rebuilt

by Nehemiah;

prophecy of

70 weeks

begins

fulfillment 

Neh. 1:1;

2:1, 11; 

Ne 6:15;

Dan. 9:24  

a. 443 

B.C. 

Nehemiah

completes the

book of

Nehemiah;

Malachi

completes the

book of

Malachi 

Neh. 5:14; 

Mal. 1:1 

406 

B.C.

Rebuilding of

Jerusalem is

evidently

completed

Dan. 9:25 

332 

B.C.

Greece, fifth

world power,

rules Judea

Dan. 8:21 

The Battle of the Hydaspes was

fought in 326 BC between

Alexander

the Great and

King Porus of

the Paurava

kingdom on the

banks of the

Jhelum River

(known to the

Greeks as

Hydaspes) in the Punjab region

of the Indian subcontinent

(modern-day

Punjab, Pakistan).

The battle resulted

in a Greek victory

and the surrender

of Porus.[a] Large

areas of the Punjab between the

Hydaspes (Jhelum)

and Hyphasis (

Beas) rivers were absorbed into the Alexandrian

Empire, and Porus

was reinstated as

a subordinate ruler.

Alexander's

decision to cross

the monsoon-swollen river despite close Indian surveillance, in order to catch Porus's army in the flank, has been referred to as one of his "masterpieces".^[21] Although victorious, it was also the most costly battle fought by the Macedonians.^[22] The resistance put up by King Porus and his men won the respect of Alexander, who asked Porus to become one of his satraps.

The battle is historically significant for opening up the Indian subcontinent to Ancient Greek political (Seleucid, Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek) and cultural influences (Greco-Buddhist art), which continued to have an impact for many centuries.

The death of Alexander in June

323 BC

Seleucus I (Nicator) and Generals Cassander and Lysimachus won the decisive battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, Asia Minor, in 301 B.C.E. Shortly after the city of Antioch in Syria was founded by Seleucus I (Nicator).

*The Battle of Ipsus (Ancient Greek: Ἱψός) was fought between some of the Diadochi (the successors of Alexander the Great) in 301 BC near the town of that name in Phrygia. Antigonus I Monophthalmus, ruler of Phrygia, and his son Demetrius I of Macedon were pitted against the coalition of three other companions of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia

Before that, he transferred his seat of government from Babylon to his new Syrian capital, Antioch, where the Seleucid dynasty of kings continued in power until 64 B.C.E., when Roman General Pompey made Syria a Roman province. Not only was Antioch made the capital of the Roman province of Syria but it also became the third-largest city in the empire, after Rome and Alexandria.

c. 280 

B.C.

The Greek

Septuagint

begun

165

B.C.

Rededication

of temple after

desecration by

Greek idolatry;

Festival of

Dedication

John 10:22

The Third Servile War, also called by Plutarch the Gladiator War and The War of Spartacus, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic, known as the Servile Wars. The Third was the only one directly to threaten the Roman heartland of Italia. It was particularly alarming to Rome because its military seemed powerless to suppress it.

The revolt began in 73 BC, with the escape of around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator school in Capua; they easily defeated the small Roman force sent to recapture them. Within two years, they had been joined by some 120,000 men, women and children; the able-bodied adults of this band were a surprisingly effective armed force that repeatedly showed they could withstand or defeat the Roman military, from the local Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia and to trained Roman legions under consular command. The slaves wandered through Italia, raiding estates and towns with relative impunity, sometimes dividing into separate but connected bands with several leaders, including the famous gladiator-general Spartacus.

The Roman Senate grew increasingly alarmed at the slave-army's depredations and continued military successes. Eventually Rome fielded an army of eight legions under the harsh but effective leadership of Marcus Licinius Crassus. The war ended in 71 BC when, after a long and bitter fighting retreat before the legions of Crassus and the realization that the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to entrap them, the armies of Spartacus launched their full strength against Crassus' legions and were utterly defeated. Of the survivors, some 6,000 were crucified along the Appian Way.

Plutarch's account of the revolt suggests that the slaves simply wished to escape to freedom and leave Roman territory by way of Cisalpine Gaul. Appian and Florus describe the revolt as a civil war, in which the slaves intended to capture the city of Rome. The Third Servile War had significant and far-reaching effects on Rome's broader history. Pompey and Crassus exploited their successes to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70 BC in their favor. Their actions as Consuls greatly furthered the subversion of Roman political institutions and contributed to the development of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

63

B.C.

Rome, sixth

world power,

rules Jerusalem 

John 19:15;

Rev. 17:10

44

B.C.

The most famous

coup occurred

on March

15 (Ides

of March)

in 44

BCE,

when

Roman dictator Julius

Caesar

was

stabbed

23 times

by a

group of senators, including

his close friend

Marcus Junius Brutus.

The

assass-

ination

came

about

due to

the

Senate’s fears

that

Caesar planned

to claim

the title

of king

and rule

as a

tyrant by over-

throwing the

Senate.

c. 37

B.C.

Herod (appointed

king by Rome)

takes Jerusalem

by storm

2 

B.C.

Birth of John

the Baptizer and

of Jesus Luke 1:60; 2:7

c.34 

B.C.

46

C.E.

47 - 

48 C.E.

49

C.E.

49 -

52

C.E.